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Powhatan
Powhatan
This article is about the Algonquian tribe. For other uses, see Powhatan (disambiguation).
Chief Powhatan in a longhouse at Werowocomoco (detail of John Smith map, 1612)
flag of Powhatan Renape
The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten), or Powhatan Renape[1] (literally, the "Powhatan Human Beings"), is the name of a Native American tribe. It is also the name of a powerful confederacy of tribes that they dominated. Also known as Virginia Algonquians, they spoke an eastern-Algonquian language also known as Powhatan, and lived in what is now the eastern part of Virginia at the time of the first European-Native encounters there. The name is believed to have originated from a village near the head of navigation on a major river, each of which was also called "Powhatan."
In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, a weroance named Wahunsunacock created a mighty empire by conquering or affiliating by agreement with around 30 tribes covering much of eastern Virginia, called Tenakomakah ("densely-inhabited Land")[2], and he himself was known as Powhatan. However, beginning with the arrival of the English settlers at Jamestown in 1607, encroachment of the new arrivals and their ever-growing numbers on what had been Indian lands resulted in conflicts which became almost continuous for the next 37 years.
After Wahunsunacock's death in 1618, hostilities escalated under the chiefdom of his brother, Opechancanough, who sought in vain to drive the Europeans away, leading the Indian Massacre of 1622 and another in 1636. These attempts saw strong reprisals from the English, ultimately resulting in the near elimination of the tribe. The Powhatan Confederacy had been largely destroyed by 1646. As the colonial expansion continued, many members assimilated into the populations of persons of European and African origin.
Remaining descendants in Virginia in the 21st century include seven recognized tribes with ties to the original confederacy, [3] including two with reservations, the Pamunkey and the Mattaponi, which are accessed through King William County, Virginia. Many years after the Powhatan Confederacy no longer existed, and some miles to the west of area it included, Powhatan County in the Virginia Colony was named in honor of Chief Wahunsunacock, who was the father of Pocahontas.
Although the cultures of the Powhatan and the European settlers were very different, through the union of Pocahontas and English settler John Rolfe and their son Thomas Rolfe, many descendants of the First Families of Virginia trace both Native American and European roots.
History
Source of name
The name "Powhatan" is believed to have originated as the name of the village or "town" that Wahunsunacock (who has become better-known as the Chief Powhatan) came from. It was located in the East End portion of the modern-day city of Richmond, Virginia). "Powhatan" was also the name used by the natives to refer to the river where the town sat at the head of navigation (today called the James River, renamed by the English colonists for their own king, James I).
"Powhatan" is a Virginia Algonquian word meaning "at the waterfalls";[4][5] the settlement of Powhatan was at the falls of the James River.[6]
Powhatan Hill in the independent city of Richmond is in the general vicinity of the Native American village. Powhatan County and its county seat at Powhatan, Virginia were honorific names many years later, but the location is well west of the area populated by the Powhatan Confederacy.
Building the Powhatan Confederacy
The original six constituent tribes in Wahunsunacock's Powhatan Confederacy were: the Powhatans (proper), the Arrohatecks, the Appamattucks, the Pamunkeys, the Mattaponis, and the Chiskiacks. He added the Kecoughtans to his fold by 1598. Another closely related tribe in the midst of these others, all speaking the same language, was the Chickahominy, who managed to preserve their autonomy from the confederacy. Wahunsunacock had inherited control over just four tribes, but dominated over thirty by the time the English settlers established their Virginia Colony at Jamestown in 1607.
The English settlers in the land of the Powhatan
The Powhatan Confederacy is famous as embracing those Indians among whom the first permanent English settlement in North America was made. This was also to be the downfall of the Native American empire. Conflicts began immediately, shots were fired the instant the colonists arrived (due to a bad experience they had with the Spanish prior to their arrival). Within two weeks of the arrival at Jamestown, deaths had occurred.
The settlers had hoped for friendly relations and had planned to trade with the Native Americans for food. Captain Christopher Newport led the first English exploration party up the James River in 1607 and first met Chief Powhatan and several of his sons. Newport later crowned the Chief with a ceremonial crown and presented him with many European gifts to gain the Indians' friendship. Newport realized that Chief Powhatan's friendship was crucial to the survival of the small Jamestown colony.
Opechancanough
On a hunting and trade mission on the Chickahominy River, President of the Colony Captain John Smith was captured by Opechancanough, the younger brother of Chief Powhatan. According to Smith's account (which in the late 1800s was considered to be fabricated, but is still believed by some to be mostly accurate—although several highly romanticized popular versions cloud the matter), Pocahontas, Powhatan's daughter, prevented her father from executing Smith. Some researchers have asserted that this was a ritual intended to adopt Smith into the tribe, but other modern writers dispute this interpretation, pointing out that nothing is known of seventeenth-century Powhatan adoption ceremonies, and that this sort of ritual is even different from known rites of passage. Further, these writes argue, Smith was not apparently treated as a member of the Powhatans after this ritual.
John Smith left Virginia for England in 1609, never to return, because of an injury sustained in a gunpowder accident. In September 1609, Captain John Ratcliffe was invited to Orapakes, Powhatan's new capital. When he sailed up the Pamunkey River to trade there, a fight broke out between the colonists and the Powhatans. All of the English were killed, including Ratcliffe, who was tortured by the women of the tribe.
During the next year, the tribe attacked and killed many Jamestown residents. The residents fought back, but only killed twenty. However, arrival at Jamestown of a new Governor, Thomas West, 3rd Baron de la Warr, (Lord Delaware) in June of 1610 signalled the beginning of the First Anglo-Powhatan War. A brief period of peace only came after the marriage of Pocahontas and colonist John Rolfe in 1614.
However, within a few years both the Chief and Pocahontas were dead from disease. The Chief died in Virginia, but Pocahontas died in England, having been captured and willingly married to the tobacco planter John Rolfe. Meanwhile, the English settlers continued to encroach on Powhatan territory.
After Wahunsunacock's death, his younger brother, Opitchapam, became chief, followed by their younger brother Opechancanough, who in 1622 and 1644 attempted to force the English from Powhatan territories. These attempts saw strong reprisals from the English, ultimately resulting in the near destruction of the tribe. During the 1644 incident, Royal Governor of Virginia William Berkeley's forces captured Opechancanough, thought to be between 90 and 100 years old. While a prisoner, Opechancanough was killed, shot in the back, by a soldier assigned to guard him.
He was succeeded as Weroance by Nectowance and then by Totopotomoi and later by his daughter Cockacoeske. By 1665, the Powhatan were subject to stringent laws enacted that year, which compelled them to accept chiefs appointed by the governor. After the Treaty of Albany in 1684, the Powhatan Confederacy all but vanished.
Capitals of the Powhatan Confederacy
Besides the the capital village of "Powhatan" in the Powhatan Hill section of the eastern part of the current city of Richmond, another capital of this confederacy about 75 miles to the east was called Werowocomoco. It was located near the north bank of the York River in present-day Gloucester County.
Werowocomoco was described by the English colonists as only 15 miles as the crow flies from Jamestown, but also described as 25 miles downstream from present-day West Point, measurements which are in conflict with each other. Therefore, the long-lost location of Werowocomoco is in some dispute. Long thought to have been near Wicomico, near Gloucester Point, Virginia|Gloucester Point]], roughly 25 miles downstream from West Point, substantial archaeological evidence discovered in the early 21st century locates the site on Purtan Bay, about 12 air miles from Jamestown, but much less than 25 miles below West Point.
For more details on this topic, see Werowocomoco.
Around 1609, Wahunsunacock shifted his capital from Werowocomoco to Orapakes, located in a swamp at the head of the Chickahominy River, near the modern-day interchange of Interstate 64 and Interstate 295. Sometime between 1611 and 1614, he moved further north to Matchut, in present-day King William County on the north bank of the Pamunkey River, not far from where his brother Opechancanough ruled at Youghtanund.
In the 1700's, the Royal Powhatan family migrated from Virginia with Spanish and English explores and settled in Triana, Alabama. The Royal Powhatan surname merged by union with the Toney surname of Triana. The official Powhatan-Toney union site and Capital of the Alabama Powhatan Confederacy is in trust to the United States and Protected by the Federal Government. The community was called Spring Hill and located in Pond Beat, 4000 acres of land located in Pond Beat owned by Powhatans, was Federally monitored and designated as a National Security location in 1941 (According to Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge). Between 1930 and 1941 the Alabama Powhatan Culture transferred about 100 square miles on land to the Federal Government in the interest of National Security, Conservation or Economic Development. The Cherokee and Chickasaw Nation ceded Powhatan land to the United States in the 1800's, but the official controller of Powhatan land in 1800, was Powhatan mixed-race Indian families allied with the Powhatan-Toney Family who controlled the land until 1930-1941.
Characteristics
The Powhatan lived east of the fall line in Tidewater Virginia. They built their houses of poles, rushes, and bark, and they supported themselves primarily by growing crops, especially maize, but they also fished and hunted in the great forest in their area. Villages consisted of a number of related families organized in tribes that were led by a king or queen, who was a client of the Emperor and a member of his council.
According to research by the National Park Service, Powhatan "men were warriors and hunters, while women were gardeners and gatherers. The English described the men, who ran and walked extensively through the woods in pursuit of enemies or game, as tall and lean and possessed of handsome physiques. The women were shorter, and were strong because of the hours they spent tending crops, pounding corn into meal, gathering nuts, and performing other domestic chores. When the men undertook extended hunts, the women went ahead of them to construct hunting camps. The Powhatan domestic economy depended on the labor of both sexes." [7]
Powhatan today
Enas E. Ragland is the Principal Tribal Leader of the Triana Powhatan Nation. The Tribal Leader assumed power and intellectual control of the "Powhatan" surname after the death of his Powhatan-Toney grandmother Louise Toney (the Spritual Queen of the Triana Powhatan Nation). Enas has began protecting the legacy of his Great Great grandmother's maiden "Powhatan" surname. Powhatan-Toney maternal grandmother's were the last known Powhatans to use the Powhatan surname. The Toney family has controlled the Powhatan surname since the 1800's.
Almost 3,000 Powhatan people remain in Virginia. Very many of them live in the two tiny reservations, Mattaponi and Pamunkey, found in King William County, Virginia. However, the Powhatan language is now extinct. Attempts have been made to reconstruct the vocabulary of the language; the only sources are word lists provided by Smith and by William Strachey.
The American entertainer Wayne Newton is of mixed Powhatan, Cherokee, Irish, and German ancestry.
Powhatan County was named in honor of the Chief and his tribe, although located about 60 miles to the west of lands ever under their control. In the independent city of Richmond, Powhatan Hill in the city's east end is traditionally believed to be located near the village Chief Powhatan was originally from, although the specific location of the site is unknown.
Notes
1. ^ The word "Renape", which means human[1], is cognate with Lenape, the name of another Algonquian-speaking tribe of what is now New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
2. ^http://www.wm.edu/niahd/journals/index.php?browse=entry&id=4965c.f.Anishinaabe language: danakamigaa: "activity-grounds", i.e. "land of much events [for the People]"
3. ^Matchut
4. ^ According to the Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes; c.f.Anishinaabe language: Baawiting "at the falls/rapids" (=Sault Ste. Marie)
5. ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 397
6. ^Powhatan Indian Chiefs and Leaders
7. ^The Chesapeake Bay Region and its People in 1607
Further reading
A. Bryant Nichols Jr., Captain Christopher Newport: Admiral of Virginia, Sea Venture, 2007
The Anglo-Powhatan Wars
Powhatan Renape Nation — Rankokus American Indian Reservation
A Study of Virginia Indians and Jamestown: The First Century
National Geographic Magazine Jamestown/Werowocomoco Interactive
UNC Charlotte linguist Blair Rudes restores lost language, culture for 'The New World'
How a linguist revived 'New World' language
Powhatan or Virginia Algonquian is an extinct Eastern Algonquian language that was spoken by the Powhatan people of tidewater Virginia until the late 18th century, dying out in the 1790s after speakers switched to English.[1]
What little is known of it is by way of wordlists recorded by William Strachey (about 500 words) and Captain John Smith (about 50 words).[2] Smith also reported a pidgin form of Powhatan, but next to nothing is known of it.[
Japasaw
Ja12 Japasaw aka ioppasus was the brother of Powhatan and the uncle of Pocahantas
Our Patawomeck Ancestors
Your Tribal Historian, William L. “Bill” Deyo, became interested in his family roots at a very early age. Stories about the ancestors told by his grandaunt, Anne (Roberson) Hudson, and his grandfather, Leonard Madison Hudson, made him anxious to learn more about these people of the past who were his forebears. The most intriguing stories were about the ancestors of Indian blood, Chief Pasapatanzy, the Indian girl, Ka-Okee, and even Indian Princess Pocahontas, herself. As a child, every Christmas he would put on his Christmas list to receive his family tree, but it never became a reality. As a teenager, he started compiling his own ancestor charts of the names given to him by his elders. During his first week in college at the University of Richmond, he became familiar with the large genealogical collection at the Boatwright Library and was taught by the Reference Librarian, Miss Francis, how to use the various genealogical reference books to trace his ancestry. The most wonderful discovery was a book about the descendants of Pocahontas and John Rolfe by their descendant, Wyndham Robertson, a former Governor of Virginia. Since so many of Bill’s relatives had told him that he was a direct descendant of Pocahontas, he was determined to find out how that came about. He studied the various descents from Pocahontas and John Rolfe for many months without finding any possible lineage to his family. Over the years that followed, he found many other clues that Pocahontas was an ancestor, but could not find any ancestors who connected with the genealogy of the descendants of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. He eventually decided that, if Pocahontas really was an ancestor, her connection to his family was simply an unsolved mystery. Apparently, the time was just not right for the line of descent from Pocahontas to be known, as will be shown.
Not being able to solve the lineage back to Pocahontas, Bill began to concentrate on the other ancestral lines. When he was home from college, he would go with his grandmother and grandaunt to visit many of the older relatives in Stafford County in hopes of learning more about distant ancestors. Those visits were vital in tracing the various lines of Indian ancestry. Many relatives knew stories that had been passed down since the 1600s and had Family Bibles, old letters, and even manuscripts written many years ago about our families. Bill learned that he had descents from Chief Wahanganoche, alias Whipsewasson, son of Japasaw (Chief Passapatanzy); from the Indian girl, Ontonah, through the Curtis family; and from the Indian girl, Ka-Okee, through the Roberson and other families. He learned about various other lines of Indian blood in which the name of the Indian ancestor had been forgotten. There was enough information about Ontonah to figure out where she fit in on the family tree, but the Indian girl, Ka-Okee, remained a mystery.
About three years ago, Bill was determined to figure out exactly where Ka-Okee fit in our genealogy. He knew that she was claimed by the Roberson and Peyton families. When tracing back the ancestry of those two families, there only seemed to be one place where Ka-Okee would fit, as the mother of the ancestor, Christian (Pettus) Martin, who was known to have had much Indian blood. Then, everything else fell into place and fit like a glove. The Sullivan family, known to have had much Indian blood but who did not know the name of their Indian ancestor, also descended in several ways from Christian Martin. Ka-Okee was the name of the previously unknown Indian ancestor of the Sullivans! The later Newton family knew that they had the Indian blood through the marriage into the Monteith family, but there was Indian blood in the early Newton family which was unaccounted for. That mystery was now solved, as the early Newtons also descended from Christian Martin and her mother, Ka-Okee. The Jett family always claimed Indian blood, which was attested to by the late George Gordon, Commissioner of Revenue of Stafford, but from where did that come? It was also through their descent from Christian Martin and Ka-Okee! After putting together a multitude of descendants of Ka-Okee through her daughter, Christian Martin, an amazing thing happened. A book was published by Dr. Linwood Custalow and Angela Daniel about the true story of Pocahontas. The information was obtained from the sacred oral history of the Mattaponi Tribe. The Mattaponi Tribe has a special interest in Pocahontas, as many of them descend from the sister of Pocahontas, Matachanna, who went to England with Pocahontas and took care of Thomas Rolfe, the son of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. The book revealed that Pocahontas first married the Indian, Kocoum, the younger brother of Chief Japasaw, and had a child by him. William Strachey, Secretary of Virginia Colony, wrote that Pocahontas had first married the Indian, Kocoum, in 1610, but did not mention that she had a child by him, a fact that was probably kept secret by the Patawomecks for the safety of the child. The book by Custalow and Daniel calls the child “Little Kocoum,” but the time line near the end of the book states that they really do not know anything about the child from the sacred Mattaponi history, only that Pocahontas had a child by Kocoum and that the child was raised by the Patawomeck Tribe. The book states that the Newton family of Stafford County descends from the child of Pocahontas and Kocoum! Can you imagine the joy of the compiler to learn this after over 40 years of research. It was no wonder that he could not find a descent from Pocahontas and John Rolfe for his family. The descent was not from John Rolfe at all but was through Pocahontas’ first husband, Kocoum! The reason that the Mattaponi Tribe knew that the Newtons and other Stafford families descended from Pocahontas and Kocoum was due to the research of the late Mattaponi Chief, O. T. Custalow, who married Elizabeth Newton of Stafford. Chief Custalow researched the ancestry of his wife, Elizabeth Newton, long before the compiler was born and was able to talk to the elders at that time who knew how they descended from Pocahontas. Years later, when the compiler began his research, the elders at that time knew that Pocahontas was their ancestor but did not know how.
After finding out about the descent from Pocahontas and Kocoum, the task began to figure out the exact lineage. This was not difficult because every family line which carried the knowledge of a descent from Pocahontas went back to the Martin family and the Indian girl, Ka-Okee. Since we know from a deposition that Ka-Okee’s daughter, Christian, was born about 1636 or 1637, it was not hard to figure out that Ka-Okee, herself, was the daughter of Pocahontas! That explained the fondness of the name of “Rebecca” by the descendants of the Martin family, as that was the Christian name of Pocahontas. The Peyton/Payton family claimed that their Indian ancestor was a daughter of Powhatan and even named a child as late as the 1800s as “Rebecca Martin” Peyton. She was obviously named after a child of John and Christian Martin. Bill, the compiler, believes that Rebecca was the oldest child of John and Christian Martin and was the first wife of Rev. John Waugh. Rev. Waugh’s descendants by his first wife carry the strong tradition of Indian blood. As was often done in the old days, Rev. Waugh later married another daughter of John and Christian Martin, namely their daughter, Christian, who had first been married to Evan Williams and was the ancestor by Williams of some of the families of Elkins, Grigsby, Redman, and Peyton. Rev. Waugh did not have any children by his last wife, Christian. Ka-Okee is believed to have married a member of the Pettis/Pettus family. The name of her daughter, Christian, was a favorite ancestral name of that family going back to their ancestor in England, Christan (Dethick) Pettus, and the descendants of Christian Martin continued to carry on that given name for many generations. Ka-Okee’s husband was likely a brother of Col. Thomas Pettus, who had a sister named “Christian” and owned land that adjoined that of Chief Wahanganoche which was the later home of Ka-Okee’s daughter, Christian. Col. Thomas Pettus did have a brother, Theodore, who came to Virginia in 1623 and was still in Virginia near the end of 1626, when he made a testimony in court. It is important to note that the famous Matoaka portrait of Pocahontas was found in England in a Pettus home! Col. Thomas Pettus’ uncle, William Pettus, married Elizabeth Rolfe, the daughter of John Rolfe’s own granduncle, Henry Rolfe! The compiler did not realize that such close connections between the Rolfe and Pettus families existed in England until he was compiling this article. John Rolfe took Pocahontas to his family estate in England when they visited there in 1616. She no doubt met the Pettus family and may have asked that if any of them went to Virginia to please check on her daughter, Ka-Okee. One evidently did check on her and married her. Since we do not have definite knowledge of the name of Mr. Pettis/Pettus, who married Ka-Okee, he could even have been been a son of William Pettus and Elizabeth Rolfe who were married in 1594. Col. Thomas Pettus brought his nephew, Thomas, son of his brother, William, to Virginia. Is it any wonder that Thomas Pettus’ grandson, Josias Fugate, married his own cousin, Mary Martin, a granddaughter of John Martin and Chistian Pettus and became the ancestor of the Sullivan family of Stafford? Christian Pettus, daughter of Ka-Okee, had a sister who married a Mr. Goldsby and is believed to have had a brother, Robert Pettis, who lived in the same area and had a daughter named Rebecca. Rebecca, daughter of Robert Pettis, was named in the will of Thomas Maddison as his godchild. Thomas Maddison is said to have been the son of Isaac Maddison, who lived for a while at the Patawomeck Village. Rebecca Pettis may have been the same Rebecca who was the first wife of John Meese, her cousin of Indian blood, and would explain why the later Mees/Mays family of Stafford County claimed a descent from Pocahontas. Ka-Okee may have had many other children who were the ancestors of Stafford families. The compiler believes that Chief Wahanganoche, himself, married a daughter of his relative, Ka-Okee, as will be explained. Many of our tribal members may not know their distant ancestry and would not be aware of their own descents from Pocahontas. It would probably help to mention here that some of the families who carry the traditional descent from Pocahontas and Kocoum are: Martin, Threlkeld, Porch, Sullivan, Fugate, Roberson, Curtis, Limbrick, Newton, Green, Butler, Courtney, Humphries, Brown, Jett, Peyton/Payton, Chilton, Burton, Hudson, Jones, Cox, Grigsby, Bates, Berry, Kitchen, Fines, Chinn, McGuire, Payne, Rollow, and many others.
To explain why the compiler believes that Chief Wahanganoche married a daughter of his cousin, Ka-Okee, is a very important story that forms the very basis of our Patawomeck Tribe and its strong connection to the Pamunkey Indians. We need to go back to the family of Chief Powhatan, the supreme ruler of the Powhatan Federation. He was called Chief Powhatan because that was the name of the Federation. His real name was Wahunsunacock. We have a similar situation with out ancestor, Chief Japasaw, who was called Chief Passapatanzy because that was where he lived. The Great King of Patawomeck was often mentioned in the records as the brother of Japasaw, the Lesser Chief, but his actual name has never been determined. We could just similarly call him Chief Patawomeck or King Patawomeck. For years there has been controversy about the identity of Chief Powhatan’s father. Some of the early records state that he was the son of Nemattanon, alias Don Luis de Velasco, who was taken by the Spanish when he was young and returned many years later. I even stated this in some of my published books, but I now believe that he was not Powhatan’s father. The ages do not match well enough for him to have been a father of Powhatan, since Nemattanon was born about 1543, and Powhatan was born about 1545. Since Nemattanon held the same position as Powhatan, he could only have been the younger brother of Powhatan’s mother, through whom the “royal” bloodline flowed. Since the early Powhatans had a tradition of calling a maternal uncle as “father”, that would explain the confusion. This practice of kinship designation is explained in the dissertation of Dr. J. Frederick Fausz of William & Mary College in 1977. The Powhatans had a matrilineal society, in which the ruling bloodline always flowed through the women. Captain John Smith explained this as: “His [Powhatan’s] kingdome desendeth not to his sonnes nor children: but first to his brethren, whereof he hath 3 namely Opitchapan, Opechancanough, and Catataugh; and after their decease to his sisters. First to the eldest sister, then to the rest: and after them to the heires male and female of the eldest sister; but never to the heires of the males.”
Even though this was the rule, there was a way of getting around it for the children of a male ruler to inherit the leadership of the Federation. Chief Richardson made the statement in Pocahontas Revealed that Chief Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas, was being groomed to become a future ruler. Your compiler, at first, thought that Pocahontas could never have become a future ruler because she was the daughter of a male ruler whose children could not inherit the rule. Then, he started to examine the circumstances and realized that Chief Richardson was right! Pocahontas certainly was being groomed for leadership, but why would that be if she could never inherit that position? Then, came the light! A child of any male ruler could indeed inherit the rule, if, and only if, their mother was of the royal bloodline! All of the male rulers knew this and appeared to have made it a common practice to marry their relatives who were in line to inherit the rule through their royal bloodline. That explained why Opechancanough married his own niece, Powhatan’s daughter, Cleopatra, sister of Pocahontas, because she too was of the royal bloodline. The head of the Federation was allowed to have as many wives as he wished, whereas the other chief of the tribes under his rule were only allowed to have a maximum of two wives. It was the common practice of the head of the Federation to take a wife and then send her away after she had given birth to her first child. The head of the Federation had one child by each wife and the wife was then free to go on with her life and marry someone else. The one exception to this practice was the “favorite” wife. There was at least one favorite wife who lived with the head of the Federation and bore him many children. She was his favorite because she was of the royal bloodline and the only way through which he could have children to inherit his rule. He would, therefore, have as many children by her as he could to create his legacy. Who, then, was the mother of Pocahontas and Cleopatra? It was the favorite wife of Chief Powhatan, Winganuske. She was known to have been his favorite wife and the mother of his then favorite daughter (Cleopatra), after Pocahontas had left his home to be married. We know the names of many of Powhatan’s wives and children by the testimony of Machumps, the brother of Winganuske. Winganuske had the royal bloodline through her mother, the eldest of the two sisters of Chief Powhatan.
Now, we come to the connection to our Patawomeck Tribe. Our tribe was one of the subjects of Powhatan, as he stated in his own words, and a part of the Powhatan Federation. We also know this from the testimony of Henry Spelman, who lived for a number of years with Chief Japasaw. Because the Patawomeck Tribe was a part of the Federation, its rulers were appointed by the head of the Federation. Both the Great King Patawomeck and his brother, Japasaw, the Lesser King/Chief, were appointed to their positions by Chief Powhatan. In 1622, the Great King of Patawomeck was visited by Capt. John Smith. He told Capt. Smith that Opitchipam [next brother of the late Chief Powhatan, who died in 1618] was his brother. It was at this time that he also refused the gift of beads from Opechancanough, the next brother of Opitchipam, that were given to him to kill Capt. Rawleigh Croshaw and caused the break from the Powhatan Federation. This has long been a point of confusion for many including myself. The Great King of Patawomeck has often been stated, at this time, to have been Japasaw, not his older brother. This was not the case, however. The last apparent record of Japasaw was in 1619/1620, when he made a trip to Jamestown, as a representative of his brother, the Great King Patawomeck. As will be explained later, Japasaw may have died by the early spring of 1622, and it was the Great King Patawomeck, the older brother, who was still alive in the fall of 1622 and talked to Capt. John Smith. Your compiler was very glad that our wise Lesser Chief, Gary Cooke, pointed out in a recent Tribal Council meeting that Capt. Smith never talked to Japasaw, only his brother. Japasaw never became the Great King of Patawomeck. He appears to have been the Lesser Chief or King until his death. The sacred oral history of the Mattaponi, some of which has recently been published by Dr. Linwood Custalow and Angela Daniel, states that Japasaw was a very close friend of Chief Powhatan, but was not his brother. Therefore, if Japasaw was not the brother of Opitchipam and Powhatan, how could his own brother, the Great King of Patawomeck, have been their brother, per his own statement? He was not their brother by blood but was their brother by marriage to their eldest sister! He was the father of Powhatan’s favorite wife, Winganuske.
When the Patawomecks broke away from the Powhatan Federation in 1622 and allied with the English, they no longer were subject to having their rulers appointed. They held to the system of the matrilineal society and used it internally in their own tribe, just as they had done long before they became a part of the Powhatan Federation and were allied with the Piscataway Tribe. As their bloodlines were then very much a part of the Powhatans, they continued that royal female bloodline. We know from the writings of Henry Spelman that Japasaw had two wives. One was named Paupauwiske, who had a baby son when Spelman was living with them. We do not know the name of the other wife, but we do know something of her identity. When Pocahontas was living with the Patawomecks at the time that she was captured by the English in 1613, Capt. Ralph Hamor wrote about her capture. In his narrative, he mentioned that Japasaw had been given a copper kettle and other items by Capt. Argall for delivering Pocahontas to them. Hamor made the statement about Japasaw “that doubtlesse he would have betrayed his owne father for them…” That tells us that Powhatan was not Japasaw’s own father. However, Hamor then states that “his [Japasaw’s] father had then eight of our English men, many swords, peeces, and other tooles, which he had at severall times by treacherous murdering of our men, taken from them…” The man who had eight of the Englishmen was none other than Chief Powhatan. That was the main reason for capturing Pocahontas, to use her as a bribe to get the eight Englishmen back safely from Powhatan. If Powhatan was not “Japasaw’s own father” by Hamor’s own words, then why did Hamor then call Powhatan the father of Japasaw? It was because Powhatan was Japasaw’s father-in-law by having married one of his daughters, a sister of Pocahontas. By marrying one of Winganuske’s daughters, Japasaw was seeing to it that one of his own children might have a chance of becoming the ruler of the Federation. His son by a daughter of Powhatan did indeed become the Great King of Patawomeck after the Patawomeck Tribe had broken away from the Federation. The only way that could have happened was for Wahanganoche’s mother to have been of the royal bloodline. It was possible for the son of a Lesser Chief to take over his father’s position, even without being of the royal bloodline, but to become the supreme chief, a son of a male ruler must have had the royal bloodline through his mother. This close connection of Japasaw and Pocahontas, along with the fact that Pocahontas married Japasaw’s younger brother, Kocoum, was the reason that Pocahontas was living with the Patawomecks at the time of her capture. Japasaw was the granduncle and the double brother-in-law of Pocahontas. The fact that the Indians married their nieces in order to give their children a chance to rule may seem like incest to us now, but it was perfectly acceptable to them. Many of the great civilizations of the world carried on the same practice. It was even acceptable for a man to marry his half-sister, as long as she did not have the same mother. This was a practice of the great civilization of Egypt, as well as the Hawaiians. I must mention here that our Biblical ancestor, Abraham, even married his own half-sister, Sarah!
As mentioned above, the compiler believes that the Lesser King of Patawomeck, Japasaw, died in or by the early spring of 1622. When Pocahontas and John Rolfe visited England in 1616, Pocahontas took a number of her relatives and friends with her. The records of the Virginia Company reveal that two of these Indians were daughters of “no lesse than petie kinges.” Their names were Mary and Elizabeth. In 1621, the Virginia Company sent them to the Somers Islands [Bermuda]. One died during the voyage, but the other, thought to have been the one named “Elizabeth,” was married there in the early spring of 1622 to a well-to-do Englishman at the home of Governor Nathaniel Butler, the ancestral uncle of many of the Butlers of Stafford County. Governor Butler encouraged the Indian maiden to write a letter to her brother in Virginia, who, by her father’s late death, had succeeded to his command. If her father was a Lesser King/Chief, and she was a relative of Pocahontas, who had close ties of kinship to the Patawomeck Tribe, it is very likely that he was Japasaw, Lesser King/Chief of the Patawomecks. Her brother would have been none other than our ancestor, Wahanganoche, who would have succeeded his father as Lesser Chief. As the Great King of Patawomeck was still alive, Wahanganoche would not have inherited that position until after his death, which likely occurred on 22 May 1623 at the famous Poison Plot, in which Dr. John Pott prepared a poison punch that killed over 200 Indians at Patawomeck, including many chiefs. Wahanganoche is believed to have also been the young King of Patawomeck when Father Andrew White visited in March of 1634. Since he was still under age at that time, he had a guardian named Archihu, who was his uncle. Since Archihu had not inherited the kingship, he was evidently an uncle by marriage to a deceased sister of Wahanganoche’s mother of the royal blood. Wahanganoche was still probably a boy in his late teens by 1634 but would soon take over sole responsibility of the Patawomeck Tribe as an adult king. There were probably several others who would have been in line for the position of the Great King at the time he inherited it, but it is likely that most of the adults died from Dr. Pott’s poison punch.
Now, we will go back to the reason for all of this background information. It was to show why the compiler believes that Wahanganoche, King of Patawomeck, married a daughter of his cousin, Ka-Okee, child of Pocahnotas. It was the same practice that his ancestors had carried on for generations before him. By marrying a daughter of Ka-Okee, he would have given his children the matrilineal royal bloodline that had passed down through Powhatan’s eldest sister and the Great King of Patawomeck. At that time, Wahanganoche was very limited at possibilities for a wife to carry on this ancestral tradition. There were probably not many women of the royal bloodline to chose from. Not only were the daughters of Ka-Okee prime candidates, they lived on adjoining property to him. Because Ka-Okee’s daughter would have been half English with very prestigious ancestry on her father side of the Pettis/Pettus family, it is no wonder why Chief Wahanganoche was able to marry so many of his daughters to English colonists of such high social status.
Powhatan
had a children
1-a son b about 1588. possibly Necotowance
2-Matachanna b about 1592,
3-Winganuske, Princess eldest of the two sisters
4-Matoaka "Pocahontas", Princess (Rebecca) b about 1595 d 21 March 1617
Pocahontas, which means "Little Wanton," a playful, frolicsome little girl
5-Ka-Okee b about 1609/10
Pocahontas
born abt 1595
died March 1617
married 1st to Kocoum in 1610
remarried Thomas Rolfe
had a child
named Wahangnoche who married a daughter of Ka-Okee
Wahangnoche
>
Ja11 Wahanganoche was the son of Japasaw aka ioppasus (Ja12) and Paupauwiske
Born: about 1609
Married:
Died: 1664 ? 1662
Wahanganoche had issue: Whether or not Wahanganoche's incarceration described below was unlawful or whether his liberation and the reward with damage claims was just a political act to keep the peace and convince the Indians that Virginia law offered them justice are rather questions that are hard to answer now. But the integration of this tribe and the resulting friendly relations with Cherokees for over another 100 years were decisive factors for winning the French and Indian War (the American chapter of the 7 Years War. Had the settlers' relations with this Indian tribe not been peaceful, history may have taken an entirely different course. But Wahanganoche's father had taken notice of the fact that English technology and agriculture had much to offer the Indians and decided for peaceful co-existence.
(Ja10-1) Mary Wahanganoche, born 1640, married Col. Meese and had Grace Frizier Meese, who married John Ashton and had Robert Alexander Meese, born 1663 in Scotland, d. 1704 in Va.
(Ja10) Keziah Arroyah married Dr. Richard Bryant
. Duke/Calhounl pedigree on this line
Source: http://www.afrigeneas.com/forum-fpoc/index.cgi?md=read;id=8386
http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/LIGHTFOOT/2006-09/1157829155
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/c/o/u/Shirley-Couch/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0084.html
GRAND ASSEMBLIE.
HELD AT JAMES CITTIE IN VIRGINIA 23D OF MARCH 1661...2, THESE ORDERS FOLLOWING WERE MADE IN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE HONOURABLE FRANCIS MORYSON GOVERNOUR, AND CAPT. ROBERT WINN SPEAKER.*
[From a MS. received from Edmund Randolph, Esq. which was once the property of Sir John Randolph, who transmitted it to his son Peyton Randolph, Esq. after whose death, it was purchased, with his library, by Thomas Jefferson, Esq. from whom it was borrowed by Edmund Randolph, Esq.] This manuscript is now in the library of Congress at Washington.
WHEREAS a charge of high treason and Murther was exhibited to this assembly against Wahanganoche, king of the Potowmack Indians by captain Giles Brent, which was referred to a committee appointed to examine the same who by their report find the said charge unjustly layd, and no part thereof sufficiently proved against the said Wahanganoche, it is ordered by the grand assembly that the said Wahanganoche shall be, and is hereby fully acquitted and discharged from the same and from every part thereof. Wahanganoche king of Potomack acquitted of a charge of high treason and murder.
* From the date, and the names of the Deputy Governor and Speaker, these orders, as they are here called, were evidently made at the same assembly by which the foregoing laws were passed. −−− They appear to be resolutions of the assembly, on private and local subjects, and exhibit much curious and important historical information; as well as the mode of parliamentary proceedings at that period, and the objects which came before the legislature.
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 14th CHARLES II.
IT is ordered by this grand assembly upon the report of the committee appointed to enquire into the differences between the English and Indians, that in satisfaction of the severall injuries and affronts done to Wahanganoche king of Potowmeck Indians by captain Giles Brent, collonel Gerrard ffowke, Mr. John Lord, and captain George Mason, that the said captain Brent pay the said Wahanganoche two hundred armes length of roanoake; and that collonel ffowke, Mr. Lord and captain Mason pay him one hundred armes length a peece, or that they pay and deliver him presently Matchcoates for the said roanoake of two armes length each, at twenty armes length every coate. Certain pers's to pay the Indians a quantity of Roanoake or matchcoats, in satisfaction of the injuries done them.
WHEREAS by the confession of collonel Gerrard ffowke to the committee appointed for examination thereof it appears that the said ffowke having one of the late murtherers of the English delivered bound into his custody by Wahanganoche king of the Potowmeck Indians, suffered the said murtherer to escape, it is ordered by the grand assembly that for his said offence, the said colonel ffowke pay to the publique tenne thousand pounds of tobacco. Colon. Fowke fined for permitting a murderer of an Indian to escape.
WHEREAS captain Peter Jennings as attorney for the kings most excellent majestie, presented to the committee, appointed for the Indian buisness for high misdemeanors and other crimes, against capt. Giles Brent and collonel Gerrard ffowke, for issuing illegall warrants and thereupon arresting, imprisoning and binding Wahanganoche king of Potowmeck Indians contrary to the honourable governors safe conducts and protections, for illegally and unjustly chargeing the said king with treason and murther, for those very things wherein the honourable governour and councell had before justly acquitted him, and for aspersing the honourable governour in declareing falsely that their unjust proceedings were done by his authority as by the said committees report more at large appeareth, upon which charge the said Brent and ffowke acknowledged themselves of high misdemeanors, it is therefore thought fitt and accordingly ordered by the present Capt. Brent & colonel Fowke fined, declar'd incapable of hold'g any office, and compelled to give sec'ty for good behavior for illegally imprison'g Wahanganoche, king of Potomack.
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
grand assembly that the said Brent and ffowke for their said offences pay each of them ffifteen thousand pounds of tobacco to the publique, that they bee incapeable of bearing any office civil or millitary in this countrey and give bond severally for their good behaviour especially towards the said Wahanganoche and his and all other Indians, and further that captain Brent pay the whole charge of the witnesses and other persons concerned in his charge against the said king, and that hee and coll. ffowke severally pay what other charges they are concerned in. Capt. Brent to pay the whole charge of the witnesses.
IT is ordered by the grand assembly (upon the report of the committee appointed for the Indian busines) that Mr. John Lord and captain George Mason pay to the publique two thousand pounds of tobacco a peece for their contempt of the right honourable governours warrant, unles they shew cause to the contrary at next quarter court; that they be, both suspended from all civill and millitary power till they have cleered themselves from the king of Potowmack's charge against them and give bond with good security to such person as the honourable governour shall appoint for their good behaviour towards the said king, his and all other Indians. John Lord and capt. Geo. Mason, fined and suspended f'm office for their contempt to the governor's warrant in relation to the king of Potomack.
WHEREAS by the removeall of severall persons formerly entrusted with the power civil and millitary in Westmorland county, the comission of that county is much weakened, and the present condition of the countrey requiring uninterested persons to be intrusted therein, it is thought fitt by the grand assembly upon the report of the committee for the Indian business and accordingly ordered that Westmorland and Northumberland bee one county, and that the commission of Northumberland and remaining commissioners of Westmorland bee one county, bee one commission civil and millitary, provided that if the right honourable the governour shall think fitt that they still continue or hereafter shall be againe made two severall countys as formerly, than that he appoint such persons Westm'land & Northum'land counti's unit'd till otherwise ordered by the governor, on account of the disturbances with the Indians to complete Westmorland commission as he shall find most capeable and fitt for the same.
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
IT is ordered by this present assembly upon the report of the committee for the Indian affaires, that collonel Moore ffantleroy enjoy at present no more of the land he is now seated upon then what is cleered with the houses built upon and marsh lying before it, and that he pay to the king of Rappahannock Indians fifteen matchcoates before he depart the towne in part of thirty due per a former agreement, and the other ffifteen when the differrences between him and the said Indians shall be ended by the commissioners to be appointed by the right honourable governour, provided they allow him ffive hundred acres of high land ground belonging to his said divident, Provided if the said commissioners shall not determine the same then to be referred to the next assembly, and all other claimes of the said ffantleroyes to any other land of the said Indians are hereby declared void. Dispute bet'n colonel Moore Fantleroy and the king of Rappahannock Indians adjusted, by the payment of matchcoats and the conveyance of a further quantity of land.
WHEREAS collonel Moore ffantleroy before the committee appointed for the Indian buisnes did falseley and scandalously declare that he bound the king and great men of Rappahannock for denying their tribute to the right honourable Sir William Berkeley, and endeavouring to excuse or extenuate his own fault in his said unjust proceedings against the Indians, said that the Roanoake he received of them for ransome was in satisfaction of their said tribute, and paid by him to that noble person Sir William Berkeley the then honourable governour. It is ordered by the assembly, that for the same and his other illegall proceedings the said collonel ffantleroy be made wholly incapeable of bearing any office or command civill or military in this country, and forthwith give bond with very good securitie for his good behaviour and civill carriage especially towards those Indians; and for prevention of the further damage the hogs of the said ffantleroy may do the Indians before the ffence be made according to Col. M. Fantleroy, for illegally extort'g a quantity of roanoake from the Rappahannock Indians, disqualified from office & bound to the good behavior act in that case provided, it is ordered that collonel ffantleroy keep one hog-keeper, the indians another for the present yeare. Col. M. Fantleroy & Indians each to have hog-keepers.
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
IT is ordered by this present assembly towards reparation of the great losse susteined by Richard White by the murther of the sonne and two servants and loss of his whole estate the last summer by the Indians that he be paid tenn thousand pounds of tobacco from the publique out of the next leavie. Compensation to Rd. White, for the injuries he sustained by the Indians
UPON the report of the committee appointed for the Indian affaires it appearing that the Susquehannock and other northern Indians, in considerable numbers frequently come to the heads of our rivers, whereby plain paths will soone be made which may prove of dangerous consequence, and alsoe affront the English and destroy their stocks and gett the whole trade from our neighbouring and tributary Indians; it is ordered by this assembly that for prevention and of the other injuries to the English from the Marylanders for the future, that the honourable governour cause by proclamation a prohibition of all Marylanders, English and Indians (which they have alreadie done to us) and of all other Indians to the Northward of Maryland from trucking, tradeing, bartering or dealing with any English or Indians to the southward of that place, and that by commission from the governour collonel Wood be impowered to manage the said businesse. Proclamation prohibit'g the Susquehann'k and Northern Indians, also the Marylanders, English & Indians, from lurking, trading, bartering or deal'g with any Indians or English to the Southward of that place.
WHEREAS by the report of lieutenant collonel John Walker who was appointed by the honourable governour to enquire thereinto, it appears that Mrs. Mary Ludlow, relict and executrix of Lieutenant collonel Thomas Ludlow deceased, entrencheth upon the Chesquiack Indians land at Pyanketancke, It is ordered by the assembly that the said Indians enjoy their whole tract of land according to the said surveigh and that the said Ludlows heires enjoy the remainder of their patent, and ffurther order that no other person enjoying or being seated on any part of the said Indians Wid'w & heirs of col. T. Ludlow restrained from encroaching on Chesquiack Indi's lands possesse the same but to be with all convenient speed removed, and the comissioners appointed by the right honourable governour to enquire into and settle all differences and disputes concerning the said Indian lands. All others to be immediately removed.
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
WHEREAS Wahanganoche king of the Potowmeck Indians acknowledged before the committee appointed for the Indian busines, the sale of that whole tract of land possest by Mr. Henry Mees in Potowmeck according to the bounds and marked trees which he confest were marked in his presence and with his consent, it is ordered by the assembly that the said Mees enjoy the said land to him and his heires for ever. Sale of land by Wahanganoche king of Potomack, to H. Mees confirmed.
WHEREAS Wahanganoche king of the Potowmeck Indians acknowledged before the committee for the Indians busines that he sold a parcell of land to Mr. Peter Austin, and hath received for the same tenne matchcoates, and also promised to lay out the said Austins land with marked trees, it is ordered by the assembly that the same being accordingly bounded, Mr. Austin enjoy the same to him and his heires for ever. Also a sale by the same to P. Austin, confirmed.
UPON the report of the committee appointed for settling the Indian business, it is ordered by the assembly that all differences of land between collonel Gerrard ffowke and the Wahanganoche king of the Potowmeck Indians be referred to such persons as the governour shall commissionate therein who are fully to end and determine the same. Reference of the dispute betweene colonel Fowke & Wahanganoche, king of Potomack, to commissioners.
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
IT is ordered by the assembly upon the report of the committee for the Indian businesses that all differences of land between captain Giles Brent and Wahanganoche king of the Potowmeck Indians be referred to the determination of such commissioners whom the honourable governour shall appoint therein. Also dispute between capt. Brent and the same.
It is ordered by the assembly that lieutenant colonel Goodridge be summoned to appeare before the honourable governour and councill at next quarter court to answer the complaint of the king of the Mattapony Indians concerning the burning of his English house, and that the said Indian king have notice given him to be present. Cl. Goodridge summoned to ans'r the complaint of the king of Mattapony for burning his English house.
IT is ordered upon the committees report that coll. John Carter issue warrants for William Johnsons appearance, at next quarter court and other persons concerned, and that there the Indian boy deteined by the said Johnson either to be continued according to his desire among the English or to returne to the Indians, but appeale to be open to the said Johnson if he shall desire the same on their proceedings. Wm. Johnson summoned to shew by what auth'ty he detains an Indian boy.
METAPPIN a Powhatan Indian being sold for life time to one Elizabeth Short by the king of Wainoake Indians who had no power to sell him being of another nation, it is ordered that the said Indian be free, he speaking perfectly the English tongue and desireing baptism. Metappin a Powhatan Indian, who had been sold for life, discharged, he speak'g the English tongue & desiring to be baptised.
It is ordered by the assembly upon report of the committee appointed for the Indian buisness that the right honourable the governour grant a commission to such uninterested persons as he shall think fitt, to enquire into and examine the severall claimes made to any part of our neighbouring Indians land, and confirme such persons who have justly invested themselves, and cause all others to remove, and that all other differences between English and Indians be referred to them, Com'rs apptd. to investigate the sev. claims to land purch'd of Indians.
Rightful purchasers to be confirmed in their titles, all others to be removed, but that appeales be open for all persons who shall conceive themselves agreived by the said commissioners proceedings.
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
UPON the committees report, it is ordered by this present grand assembly that those excellent proposalls presented by the right honourable the governour to the assembly be all drawne into acts except the first article concerning an interstitium being very difficult to be effected. Certain proposals of the governor to be drawn up into acts.
WHEREAS complaint hath been made to this assembly of the dangerousness of the passage over the great swampe over Rappahannock river, by meanes whereof not onely commerce is obstructed but the affaires of the publique retarded also; it is therefore ordered that the way be amended and a bridge if possible built over the same at the charge of Glocester and Lancaster countys between which it cheifly lies, and that Mr. Henry Corbin and major David Cant take care to see it effected. A bridge to be built over the great swamp, at Rappahannock river, at the charge of Gloucester & Lancaster counties.
WHEREAS seriously examining the evidences taken against John Partridge for severall blowes given by him to Thomas Harris overseer to captain Thomas Stegg, and calling the said Partridge before us to hear what he could answer in his defence, most insolently said that well he might give him the said blowes, and ffurther replied that he would be hanged at the doore before hee would serve in giveing satisfaction, it is therefore ordered by this present grand assembly that the sheriffe keep him in safe custody, untill the pleasure of the house be further knowne herein, for his peremptory behaviour. John Patridge committed for a contempt to the house, in say'g he would be hanged at the door before he would serve in making satisfaction.
IT appeares by two evidences in the case between captain John Ashton and Mr. George Harwood, that he the said Harwood hath spoken words, tending much to the dishonour of the right honourable governour ffrancis Morrison esquire, and to the diffamation Geo. Harwood to ask forgivness on knees, for speaking disrespectfully of the gov'r & capt. Ashton,and great discredit of the said captain Ashton by this grand assembly, it is ordered by this grand assembly that for his great offence in dishonouring the governour he presently aske forgiveness in open court upon his knees, and at the next court held in Warwick county, he aske forgivenesse and acknowledge his error to captain John Ashton for defaming him and pay two thousand pounds of tobacco costs of suite.
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
The committee report in the case of John Gundry and Ann Price that they find not sufficient evidence presented for conviction of the said Anne Price according to lawe, neverthelesse that no insolence may be encouraged, it is therefore ordered by this grand assembly that the court of Elizabeth citty rehear the cause, and according as the presumptions of the offence shall appeare determine some meanes of punishment to the said Ann Price under two yeares service, and that major Hone and lieutenant collonel Worlish not to sitt att the triall hereof, but two of the adjacent commissioners of the next county in their stead. Case of John Gundry & Ann Price to be heard before court of Eliza. City.
UPON the humble submission of John Partridge for his peremptory language used before us, and at the request of major general Hamond ingageing himselfe for the said Partridge good behaviour is released from his comittment. Jno. Partridge released from his confinem't on his submission.
WHEREAS John Milboy petitioned the honourable governour and councill concerning false imprisonment inflicted upon him by collonel John Stringer and the rest of the commissioners for Northampton county, which petition was referred to the honourable assembly who find no cause of action, the said Milboy hath against the said commissioners, but his imprisonment lawfull, and through his own seeking, dangerous carriage and turbulent behaviour, it is therefore ordered by this grand assembly so soone as the said Milboy shall returne to Northampton county that the sherriffe of the said county take him into present custody till he give bond with sufficient security for his good behaviour, and to aske fforgivenesse in open court, att the next court held in the said county for his greate and unjust scandalls and infamies cast on the gentlemen of that court and his disturbance in the county, and to pay all costs of suite. John Milboy's complaint ag't Col. J. Stringer for false imprisonm't rejected, & he to be recommit'd to the sherif of Northampton.
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
IN the difference between collonel Edward Scarbrough plaintiffe, and lieutenant collonel Thomas Lambert, captain ffrancis Emperour, Mr. Edmond Beeman and Mr. John Porter defendants, formerly commissioners of the county of Lower Norfolke referred to this grand assembly is by us found to be illegall in calling a court clandestinely sumoned by them, and erroniously proceeding wherein they granted to Mr. George Abbot against the estate of the said colonel Scarborough for seaven thousand nine hundred pounds of tobacco and casek with court charges, it is therefore ordered by this grand assembly that the said commissioners or either of them so giveing judgment as aforesaid shall make present payment of the said sume of seaven thousand nine hundred pounds of tobacco and caseke with interest and all costs of suite unto the said collonel Scarborough or his assignes, and in case execution is served on one or more of the said commissioners, they to have their releife against any of the foure proportionably. Scarborough v the justices of Low. Norfolk; they having clandestinely held a court & given judgm't against Scarborough, ordered to pay the money themselves, with interest and costs.
STEPHEN Pettus petitioning against Martin Baker, late sheriffe of New-Kent is not found qualified to prosecute his petition, therefore the cause is dismist. Pettus v Baker petition dismissed.
THE committees report that the great loss and damage susteined by Mr. William Dromond through the injustice done by the court of Boston in New-England ought to be repaired, and since the said court have returned no satisfactory answer to the letter of the honourable governour and councill of Virginia, wee are necessitated to find the least of ill expedients to repair the said Mr. Dromond, it is therefore ordered by this present grand assembly, there be seized to the value of fforty pounds sterling money out of the estate of some persons relateing to the said government of Boston, which is in consideration of wages due for such a servants time, as was illegally cleared from the Dromonds employ in New-England, and doe accordingly order the same. The Court of Boston, in N. England, hav'g illegally discharged a servant belonging to an inhabi'nt of Virg. reprisal
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
IN the difference betwixt captain Martin Palmer and John Prosyer who marryed the relict of William Goffe concerning one thousand acres of land granted by patent unto captain Palmer at Whorecocke swampe in the county of Kent, and unto William Goffe the sonne of William Goffe deceased, by a later patent, for the avoiding of all further suites and troubles the said captain Palmer hath before us given one halfe of the said one thousand acres of land unto William Goffe orphant, and to his heires for ever, reserving to himselfe after survey made thereof the ffirst choice, and if the house now built upon the said land happen to fall in the said Palmers ffive hundred acres of land, then the said Prosyer to have the use of the said house, and ffiftie acres of land next adjoyning thereunto for three yeares next ensueing, and then to returne to captain Palmer or his heires, and that Mr. George Morris survey or divide the said land, and at the division lieutenant collonel Abrahall to be present, which is the request of lieut. coll Nathaniel Bacon esquire in behalfe of the said Prosyer, and this to beare record of the said division betwixt them, and each party to beare his owne charges. Palmer vs. Prosyer. Conflicting patents for land, the dispute compromised and the land to be equally divided.
WHEREAS Elizabeth Tudman, alias Perkins hath appeared by her agent major Theophilus Hone, before this assembly, and there produced an instrument in writing, which upon perusall is found to be rased and obliterated in many parts, and no endorsement testified by the witnesses nor publique Notary, and is by this assembly concluded void in law, at which time the said Major Theophilus Hone, who appeared in the behalfe of the said Elizabeth Tudman, alias Perkins containing twenty and seaven acres scituate in the maine Eli. Tudman's alias Perkins's claim to escheated lands rejected, & the land confirm'd to the governor, Fs. Morrison, as by patent obtained by him.
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
neer James Citty, which said twenty acres of land was by a juries verdict of the ninth of Aprill, one thousand sixe hundred sixtie and one, found to escheat to his majestie, and that noe heires of the said Thomas Perkins was existent, as more at large by the record of the said juries verdict doth appeare, whereupon the honourable Francis Morrison did agree and purchace of his majesties treasurers deputies the said twenty seaven acres of land formerly belonging to the said Thomas Perkins, and had the same granted to him and his heires, &c. as by a patent dated the sixteenth of May 1661, more at large doth appeare to this grand assembly who declares that the title and claime of the said Thomas Perkins, or any for, from, or by him or them is void, and do confirme to the honourable ffrancis Morrison, his heirs, executors, administrators or assignes, the aforesaid twenty and seaven acres of land formerly belonging to the said Thomas Perkins, scituate in the maine neere James Cittie for ever; and do also record that the aforesaid Theophilus Hone who appeared in behalfe of the said Elizabeth Tudman alias Perkins who pretended to the chattells personal of the said Thomas Perkins, did before us voluntarily disclaime and disowne any title or pretence to the said twenty and seaven acres of land.
UPON major Theophilus Hone second address on behalfe of Elizabeth Tudman alias Perkins, the assembly have againe perused the instrument of writing, and findinge no proprietie in Thomas Perkins senior unto the estate of his sonne Thomas Perkins junior, deceased, have utterly abandoned all claimes to chattells reall, but for the personall estate humbly presume that administration may be granted to Elizabeth Tudman alias Perkins, in behalfe of Thomas Perkins upon the personall estate of Thomas Perkins junior deceased, and have by these our instructions manuducted the case to the honourable governour and councell for administration. The claim of E. Tudman alias Perkins again considered, & she abandon'g all claim to the chattels real, administration is granted her as to the personal estate of the person under whome she claims.
UPON the complaint of colonel Edmond Scarburgh, late high sherriff of Northampton county on his majesties behalfe against John Alford and Elizabeth Complt. of col. Edm. Scarborough, high shff. of Northampton,
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
his wife, Teige Miskell and William Jump for rebellion and disobedience which this committee examining, and after a full hearing of all parties, doe report that wee find the said John Alford and Elizabeth his wife, both by sufficient testimony, their owne confession and ill behaviour before us to be rebellious and insolent persons, and guilty of wounding the said coll. Scarburgh, late high sherriff on the head, and Teige Miskell and William Jump disobedients, it is therefore ordered by this grand assembly for reforminge the like disorders, that the said Alford and Elizabeth his wife, with Teige Miskell and William Jump be returned by the same conduct that brought them to the county of Northampton, and there to be delivered to the high sherriff who is to take security of them for the good behaviour, and at the next court held for the same county, that the said John Alford shall receive thirtie lashes on his bare back, and Elizabeth his wife twentie lashes, and Teige Miskell and William Jump tenne lashes a peece, and the said John Alford pay all costs and charges for himselfe, wife and servants. agst. Alfred & wife and others, for rebellion. The defend't fond guilty & sentenced to be whipped.
IN the difference between major Joseph Croshaw and captain Robert Ellison concerninge the bounds of Marston and middle plantation, parishes and haveing seriously weighed and examined the same, it is ordered that the bounds be continued according to an order of court in Yorke county held the twenty fifth of August, one thousand six hundred and fiftie and six. Bounds of Marston and Middle plantation parish's how adjusted.
WHEREAS it was ordered the last assembly that uninterested persons of the county of Charles Cittie should determine and fix the bounds between the two parishes of Westover and Martin Brandon, which not being yet putt into effect, it is now further ordered that captain Robert Wynne and captain John Eps order some of the neighbours to be present with them, and to settle the bounds between them and to return the report to the next assembly. Bounds of Westover and Martin Brandon parishes, how adjusted.
WHEREAS information hath been made that one Edward Dennis hath, without title or claime, seated himselfe in the Indian towne of Chickahomini; Warrant agst. Edw. Dennis, for seat'g himself in the Indian
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LAWS OF VIRGINIA, MARCH, 1661-2 −−− 14th CHARLES II.
it is therefore ordered that the said honourable the governour be pleased to send his warrant for the said Dennis, and as he finds occasion to give order for his continuance or removall. town of Chickahomini.
WHEREAS William Burg hath been proved to live scandalously in ffornication with the relict of major John Billingsley, it is ordered that the said Burgh be committed and continued in prison untill he give bond with good security, that he shall not keep company with the said Elizabeth, and if the said William Burgh shall without security given, offer to go beyond the bounds of prison, or if the said Elizabeth shall come to him there, then the sherriffe of Nanzemund by a (habeas corpus) to be removed to James Citty. Wm. Brough committed to prison for fornication with the widow of maj. Billingsley.
ORDERED that William Burgh for his scandall and contempt offered to the governour ffined two thousand poands of tobacco. Also fined for contempt to the court.
Examined and compared with the original and according thereto corrected per
PETER BEVERLEY,
Clerk of the House of Burgesses.
The family material on the Indian annihilation goes hand in hand with the recorded history of the year 1666 when the General Court of Virginia declared war on the Patawomekes and other area tribes, at which time Capt. Giles Brent and others engaged in battle against the area indians. Since he had a personal grudge against the Patawomekes, havng been reprimanded and punished for his charges and assault against Chief Wahanganoche, it is most logical that they were prime targets. This fits with the Curtis ancestor, a Patawomeke Indian girl named "Ontonah", who was orphaned after both of her parents were killed during a confrontation between the whilte settlers and the Indians. The Curtis family raised Ontonah and gave her the Christian name of "Elizabeth". Elizabeth Ontonah married one of the Curtis boys with whom she was raised. Her name was repeated among her Stafford County descendants even up to the twentieth century.
Information about the 1666 war against the Patawomeke Tribe is vital in understanding their fate. The following is taken from the Minutes of the General Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia, edited by H.R. McIlwaine.
Meeting at James City, July the 10th 1666....It is therefore ordered for revenge
of the former and for the prevention of future mischiefs that the towns of Monzation,
Nanzimond, and Port Tobacco with the whole nation of the Doegs and Potomacks be
forthwith prosecuted with war to their utter destruction if possible and that their
women and children and their goods or as much of it as shall be taken to be disposed
of according to instructions as shall be issued from the Right Honourable Governor. And
it is further ordered that the said war be managed by such officers with such numbers
of men and by such ways and means as the Governor shall think fit.
The book "Pocahontas's People", by Helen C. Rountree, states (p95) that in July 1665 (apparently this should be 1666, per the General Coucil minutes above) war was declared on the Patawomekes, and states, "The outcome of the war is uncertain, but the Patawomecks disappear from the surviving English records thereafter." On the same page it is further stated that in June 1666, the English Governor ordered the Rappahannock County militia to attack and exterminate the Indians within reach, with permission to sell captive women and children into servitude. It should be noted that the domain of the Patawomekes straddled the adjoining counties of Stafford and Rappahannock at that time.
The fate of Chief Wahanganoche, King of the Patawomeke was as follows: He was taken to Williamsburg, Va in 1662 and tried by the court there on charges brought against him and others by Capt. Giles Brent. He was acquitted of all charges and was allowed to return home. Chief Wahanganoche was apparently given a silver medallion during this time, by the Virginia Assembly. (Henings Statutes, vol 2 p 142) After the trial, Chief Wahanganoche and his company headed back to Passipatanzy, but the old chief never made it back home. Chief Wahanganoche's silver medallion was unearthed in Caroline County in the early 1860's, in a area that was logically in the path of the chief on his way home from Williamsburg. A letter written on 1 April 1664 by Col John Catlett to his cousin in England, telling of the events of the past year, told of the capture and trial of the "King of Potomek", indicating that he was, in Catlett's belief, unjustly acquited. He told of the death of the chief on his way home after his release and believed that he got what he deserved. Chief Wahanganoche's death is not described, and it is not clear whether it was natural or by murder.
children of Japasaw and Paupauwiske
Chief Wahanganoche(aka Whipsewasson)was the son of Japasaw
Wahanganoche Arroyha (son of Japasaw)
was born Abt. 1564 in Caroline Co VA, and died Abt. 1666.
alt info from
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/c/o/c/Thomas-Franklin-Cochran/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0137.html
King Chief Wahanganoche was born 1620 in Potomac River Region,
and died 1664 in Caroline, VA.
info from http://www.mcalearfamily.com/ps17/ps17_394.html
The fate of Chief Wahanganoche, King of the Patawomeke was as follows:
He was taken to
Williamsburg, Virginia in 1662 and tried by the court there on charges brought against him and others by Capt. Giles Brent.
He was acquitted of all charges and was allowed to return home.
Chief Wahanganoche
was apparently given a silver medallion during this time, by the Virginia Assembly.
After the trial, Chief
Wahanganoche and his company headed back to Passipatanzy,
but the old chief never made it back
home. Chief Wahanganoche's silver medallion was unearthed in Caroline County in the early 1860's, in a
area
that was logically in the path of the chief on his way home from Williamsburg.
A letter written on 1
April 1664 by Col John Catlett to his cousin in England,
telling of the events of the past year, told of the
capture and trial of the "King of Potomek",
indicating that he was, in Catlett's belief, unjustly acquitted.
He told of the death of the chief on his way home after his release and believed that he got what he
deserved.
Chief Wahanganoche's death is not described, and it is not clear whether it was natural or by
murder.
Wahanganoche of the Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia
had two wives. One whose name I do not know but who was a daughter of Powhatan
and I-oppasus' own niece or half-niece.
It is possible that she was the daughter of Powhatan called Cahoke or Kaokee,
traditionally the ancestor of the Peyton and Roberson families of Patawomeck blood,
who was said to have been a daughter of Powhatan.
His other wife was Paupauwiske who was known to have had a child,
possibly Wahanganoche, as was written about by Henry Spelman.
The Curtis family traditionally descends from the Patawomeck Indian girl,
Ontonah, left an orphan by the battle of 1666.
As the Peyton and Roberson families also descend from her,
she may be the link back to the wife of I-oppassus who was the daughter of Powhatan, Kaokee (?).
children of Wahangnoche
named
1-Keziah Arroyah born between 1635 and 1640
who married
Richard Thomas Bryant
b 1 Jun 1615 Bitton Gloucester Engl
d 14 Feb Isle of Wight Va
son of Edward Bryant b about 1590 Denbigh Wales
m Ann Butler b 21 jan 1593 in Woodhall Watton
2-Mary Wahanganoche, b. 1645, d. date unknown
Martha Bryant born and died between 1650-1690
married about 1670 to Thomas Foley
Martha remarried William Burton
Thomas Foley immigrated from England and resided in Stafford Va
Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s
Name: Tho Foley
Year: 1664 Place: Virginia
Source Publication Code: 6220
Primary Immigrant: Foley, Tho
Annotation: Record of 20,000 very early immigrants,
with much relevant information. Taken from Patent Books 1 through 5.
Title page states, "In 5 volumes," but up to 1979 only three had appeared.
See nos. 6221 and 6223 for second and third volumes, published in 1977 and 1979.
Issued originally by Nugent in parts between 1929 and 1931;
the parts were then largely incorporated in this work, no. 6220. Stewart, item no. 9025,
compiled the article, "Ancient Planters [1607]," pages xxviii-xxxiv.
Source Bibliography: NUGENT, NELL MARION.
Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, 1623-1666. Vol. 1.
Richmond [VA]: Dietz Printing Co., 1934. 767p. Reprinted by Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, 1983. Page: 525
Bryant Foleyborn about 1673 in Stafford VA
married about 1707 to Mary Jones
"Bryant Foley married Mary Jones, daughter of Evan Jones and Ann Matthew,
one of the two daughters of John Matthew.
The tax lists reveal that Bryant had a number of children, but they were not named.
There has been much speculation as to who they were.
One appears to have been a daughter (name uncertain) who married John Courtney
and had a daughter given the name of "Matthew" in honor of the grandmother's surname.
The Courtney family was closely associated with the Foleys.
Another one of John Courtney's daughters married Henry Foley,
apparent son of Richard Foley, brother of Bryant."
Japasaw
was known as “Chief Passapatanzy,” as that was where he made his home.
children of Japasaw and Paupauwiske
Chief Wahanganoche(aka Whipsewasson)was the son of Japasaw
Wahanganoche Arroyha (son of Japasaw)
was born Abt. 1564 in Caroline Co VA, and died Abt. 1666.
alt info from
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/c/o/c/Thomas-Franklin-Cochran/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0137.html
King Chief Wahanganoche was born 1620 in Potomac River Region,
and died 1664 in Caroline, VA.
info from http://www.mcalearfamily.com/ps17/ps17_394.html
The fate of Chief Wahanganoche, King of the Patawomeke was as follows:
He was taken to
Williamsburg, Virginia in 1662 and tried by the court there on charges brought against him and others by Capt. Giles Brent.
He was acquitted of all charges and was allowed to return home.
Chief Wahanganoche
was apparently given a silver medallion during this time, by the Virginia Assembly.
After the trial, Chief
Wahanganoche and his company headed back to Passipatanzy,
but the old chief never made it back
home. Chief Wahanganoche's silver medallion was unearthed in Caroline County in the early 1860's, in a
area
that was logically in the path of the chief on his way home from Williamsburg.
A letter written on 1
April 1664 by Col John Catlett to his cousin in England,
telling of the events of the past year, told of the
capture and trial of the "King of Potomek",
indicating that he was, in Catlett's belief, unjustly acquitted.
He told of the death of the chief on his way home after his release and believed that he got what he
deserved.
Chief Wahanganoche's death is not described, and it is not clear whether it was natural or by
murder.
Wahanganoche of the Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia
had two wives. One whose name I do not know but who was a daughter of Powhatan
and I-oppasus' own niece or half-niece.
It is possible that she was the daughter of Powhatan called Cahoke or Kaokee,
traditionally the ancestor of the Peyton and Roberson families of Patawomeck blood,
who was said to have been a daughter of Powhatan.
His other wife was Paupauwiske who was known to have had a child,
possibly Wahanganoche, as was written about by Henry Spelman.
The Curtis family traditionally descends from the Patawomeck Indian girl,
Ontonah, left an orphan by the battle of 1666.
As the Peyton and Roberson families also descend from her,
she may be the link back to the wife of I-oppassus who was the daughter of Powhatan, Kaokee (?).
children of Wahangnoche
named
1-Keziah Arroyah born between 1635 and 1640
who married
Richard Thomas Bryant
b 1 Jun 1615 Bitton Gloucester Engl
d 14 Feb Isle of Wight Va
son of Edward Bryant b about 1590 Denbigh Wales
m Ann Butler b 21 jan 1593 in Woodhall Watton
2-Mary Wahanganoche, b. 1645, d. date unknown
Martha Bryant Martha Bryant b. 1672, Stafford, VA, d. Nov 1690, Stafford, VA
married 1671 in Stafford, VA to Thomas Foley
Martha remarried William Burton
Thomas Foley immigrated from England and resided in Stafford Va
Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s
Name: Tho Foley
Year: 1664 Place: Virginia
Source Publication Code: 6220
Primary Immigrant: Foley, Tho
more info from http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=unicmyth&id=I286
Thomas Folie, born before 1650, died 1690 in Stafford Co., VA.
Thomas is listed as purchasing land from William Heabeard of Stafford Co., Va on April 14, 1679.
Married to a Martha Bryant ca 1672 in Stafford Co., Va..
Martha may also have been married to a William Burton on March 11, 1690 in Stafford Co., VA.
Martha was the daughter of an Thomas Bryant and Keziah Arroyah,
daughter of Wahanganoche of the Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia.
Martha had a brother, Richard Bryant, died ca 1705 in Stafford Co., Va,
who was married to Anne Meese
PROBATE-FATHER-MOTHER: names Martha Folio widow of Thomas Folio, includes son Brian, dated 5 Nov. 1690; DEED & WILL ABSTRACTS OF STAFFORD COUNTY, VIRGINIA; 1689-1693;
The name FOLEY is the anglicized form of the Irish (Gaelic) name "O Foghlu"
which is pronounced "Oh Fow-lu".
The "O" means "son of" or "descendent of".
So
people named FOLEY are descendants of "Foghlu".
"Foghlu", is a derivative of the
old Irish word for a plunderer or raider.
So back in time, the original FOLEYS were
plunderers.
As the name originated in coastal areas of the South East, South and
South West of Ireland,
it may be inferred that the original bearers of the name were
pirates.
Ireland does not have a clan system like that of Scotland,
so all FOLEYS are
not descended from a common ancestor.
They are descended from groups (called
septs) which required an occupation as a surname.
FOLEY is one of the 50 most
common surnames in Ireland
Bryant Foleyborn about 1673 in Stafford VA
died 1723
married about 1707 to Mary Jonesborn about 1675
MILITARY: Safford County, Va., ca. 1701/2: . . . Troop of Horse of Capt. George Anderson . . Bryan Foley : VIRGINIA COLONIAL MILITIA, 1651-1776, page 220; from the Allen County, Library, Ft. Wayne, IN
"Bryant Foley married Mary Jones, daughter of Evan Jones and Ann Matthew,
one of the two daughters of John Matthew.
The tax lists reveal that Bryant had a number of children, but they were not named.
There has been much speculation as to who they were.
One appears to have been a daughter (name uncertain) who married John Courtney
and had a daughter given the name of "Matthew" in honor of the grandmother's surname.
The Courtney family was closely associated with the Foleys.
Another one of John Courtney's daughters married Henry Foley,
apparent son of Richard Foley, brother of Bryant."
Children of Bryant Foley and Mary Jones
1. John FOLEY, b. Abt 1690
2. (Daughter) FOLEY, b. Abt 1702, Virginia
married John Courtney
John FOLEY,born Abt 1690
Children of John Foley
1. James FOLEY, b. Abt 1705, d. 1797
James FOLEY, b. Abt 1705, d. 1797
Mary Foley born 1728 in Rowan City NC
married John Bryan O'Connelly